Book reviews

After the end of the Cold War, a common debate on what Turkey's nevv role in international and/or regional politics would be vvas begun among the scholars. Many articles and books on this issue vvere published in the last decade. The book titled Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power is one of the signifıcant examples of these works. The book is attracted attention vvith its editors, Barry Rubin and Kemal Kirişçi, and surely its authors each of vvhom are experts on their ovvn fields. It is composed of thirteen articles except for Rubin's introduction and conclusion. This composition provides a comprehensive view for the readers.

Castor and aiYRRii.?For the diseasps of won^en, obstructions, and hysteric affections.
Gar lick.?For cold phlegm, and inflammations of the lungs.
Spices ?To promote the menses, and cure phlegmatic diseases. ?Fresh ox gall.?As a laxative to kill worms, for purging suppositarics, and uterine pessaries.
Cantiiarides.?In dropsies, and to promote the urine, and menses.
Diet of onions.?For fhe jaundice, and to promote con-' ccption.
Long abstinence from food. ? In dropsies, jaundice, diarrhoeas, gouty, or rheumatic pains, asthmas, and disorders of the lungs and spleen.
Gupbing. ? For pains in the head and eyes, bruises, peripneur mony, pains of the hip, and other parts. Elaterium?To purge bile, expel the foetus, or purge in can* cers, ulcers, jaundice, sore throat, &c.
Frictions. ?Wi^h oil, to strengthen wejik joints, and relax stiff ones.
To be avoided.?In diseases of the lungs, as asthmas, coughs, Consumptions, &c. diseases of the liver, and tabes dorsalis.
Juniper berries, tt As 9. powerful diuretjc? to provoke the discharge of urine. Asses milk.?In excessive fluxes from the bowels or womb, far slow fevers, consumptions, and diseases of the lungs.

Sulphur.
For ulcers, diseases of the lungs, and cutancous disorders.
It does not appear, that Hippocrates gave powerful narcotics, to procure sleep ; though in some few passages of his book,-of the disorders of women, he speaks of the juice of poppy, as conducive to the cure of what we now call hysterics. He likewise takes nolice of mandrake, but cautions against giving it in quantities, sufficient to cause madness; and he mentions much the same of henbane.
As to baths, suffumigations, fomentations, incissions, and gargarisms, he seems to have been perfectly well acquainted with their efficacy, and the proper seasons and manner of using them. He lays a particular stress upon ointments, but no where mentions plasters. Instead of these he frequently recommended cataplasms, in cases where, even we, perhaps, might find them preferable to plasters.
When bleeding, and the use of purgatives, which were his general fncans for diminishing the superfluity of blood, or humours, were 11 h 4 not sufficient, he then had recourse to diuretics. This he seems to insinuate in his work Do Ratione Vict, in Acutis. All diseases terminate, or are cured by evacuations, made either by the mouth, belly, the bladder, or some other outlet; but sweat is common to ^11 diseases, and equally terminates all. For these purposes, ho sometimes ordered a bath, at other times sweet wine, garlic, onions, leeks, cucumbers, melon, citruls, cysticus, both sorts of apium, fennel, maidenhair, and night shade, as well as all acid substances.
These several remedies he directed in various chronical disorders, after purgation, when he believed the blood to be still loaded with ichor.
In some cases he excited a diaphoresis, but does not inform us how he produced it." " His sentiments of the manners of a physician are worthy of attention. He says, he ought to dress decently, to be grave in his manners, moderate in his actions, chaste and modest in the conversation he is obliged to have with women ; no idler, ready to answer every body with candour, sober, patient, always ready to do his duty, without disturbing himself; and he thought it requisite, for the credit of the physician, that he should have a healthful look, and Hercules; and he has left behind him, in his works, an immortal reputation; for he has been always'considered the original interpreter of Nature ; and it is highly probable he will ever preserve his glory, which above two thousand years have not yet robbed him of. And though, even now, some designing professors make a point of obscuring the brightness of his fame, by unmeaning sneers, and dark insinuations ; yet we are of opinion, that our ancient author will revive, and receive additional lustre, when the work's of sach men perish, and are lost in that oblivion they jusly merit. This excellent man died in Thessaly, in the second year of the hundred and seventieth olympiad, three hundred and forty-nine years bef'oi'e the birth of Christ, and was buried between Larissa and Gortona." ( To be continued. ) Experiments proving Vacciolation, or Cow-Pov Inoculation, to be a permanent Security against Small-Pox ; with Facts and Remarks. By Samuel Hill, Surgeon, Town of Portsea, and Surgeon in the Royal Nary. Svo. pp. 47-Portsea, 1804. It must afford peculiar satisfaction to the advocates for the Jennerian Inoculation, that in that quarter where its failure was supposed to have been detected, the most lucid proofs of its efficacy, when carefully administered, have been exhibited. In this pamphlet, dedicated to the President and Members of the Royal Jennerian Society, the cases, perspicuously detailed, very completely establish the position of the title. " Vacciolation," says the author, " has been found to be, beyond dispute, a permanent prophylactic against variolous infection ; the immense mass of evidence, collected in England alone, and laid before a committee of the House of Commons, by the first medical characters and other men of science, in the United Kingdom, and upon which that committee decidcd, is sufficient to stamp its value without the aid of foreign testimonies. It may however be remarked, that it is now practised in most parts of the known world, with an astonishing success: in short, in all the quarters of the globe, respectable medical men, as well as other philanthropists, are humanely extending its benefits to thousands ; many of whom might otherwise fall victims to the greatest enemy of the human race, the small-pox. " I commenced the new practice Decembers, 1800, and from that to the present period have vacciolated two hundred and thirty, not one of which number has ever taken the casual small-pox, though exposed to its effluvia in all possible ways ; many of them having been in contact repeatedly, and even put into the same bed with those who had the confluent small-pox so bad as not to survive that dreadful and truly loathsome disease." .Mr. Hill's Experiments in Vacciolaiion. fee vacuolated tarried to the-houses where those resided, from whom I was to take vacciolous matter; and this always on the .eighth day or early on the ninth from vacciolation ; I do not re--collect ever using matter taken before the former period or after the latter/* Considering the promptness with which some gentlemen resort to experiments, with doubtful matter, on subjects not yet protected, we cannot withhold the following accounts ; nor refrain from observing, that the last case of the author's is unhappily not the only one on record of 4 wisdom at one entrance quite shut out' by the variolous inoculation.
" Before I proceed to relate the experiments, I will beg leave to mention some unfortunate cases of small-pox, which I have -witnessed in the coufsc of my practice.?In 1797, I was desired to visit a female child in St. James's Street, Portsea, who had the casual small-pox of the confluent kind, very full; and she was altogether so ill as to allow me to pronounce a very doubtful prog' aostic. The parents informed me that there was a pustule on the left eye, on which.account only, they wished my advice. On examination the seventh (lay from the first appearance of the eruption, 1 discovered a pustule, fully maturated, on the pupil: I toM tiiera, that if the child cscaped with life, she would certainly lose the eye ; as I conceived it had (the-pupil) already suppurated: they said, that, if I could not promise to preserve the sight, I need not take the trouble of repeating my visit; but, in the course of eight hours afterwards, they again sent for me in haste, and showed me the remains of the pupil on a piecc of paper, which liad been forced out of the-orbit in a fit of coughing. This child escaped with life: the tunica arbuginea, seemed, after a time, to till up the vacuum occasioned by the loss of the pupil and iris, which last had also suppurated : the child had a most ghastly ap-i pearance.
" I was desired to visit a child of Mr. Palmer, of Hanover-Street, Portsea, in 1799-> aged ten years: 1 found her with symptoms of fever, which ran so high, and the head was so much affected, that I apprehended she would not live till morning, if she -was not relieved by an eruption. Some blood was taken from the arm, and the bowels opened by an aperient cathartic, and she was put into the warm bath ; 'the day after, July 7, eruptions appeared, which soon proved to be small-pox. The feverish symptoms now: abated, and the head, comparatively speaking, was well. About two hundred pustules maturated, three or four of which came on the pupil of the left eye, which occasioned the loss of it. <?' The daughter of Mr. Harfield, then about eighteen months old, was taken ill in the summer of 1S03, with feverish symptoms, which proved to be small-pox. I was asked to see her on the eighth clay of the eruption ; a pustule appeared on one of the eyes : the child had the disease very light, but had the appearance of violent ophthalmia. Every thing was done to moderate the local inflammation, which was treated the same as if the small-pox had |>een out of the question; but without obtaining the desired end : Mr. Hill's Experiments in Variolation. 475 the pupil suppurated, and was discharged in the shape of pus. This poor child is now living, and whenever I see her, I lament that she had not been previously vacciolated. " I was desired to see the infant daughter of Mr. Bruce, Halfway-houses, Portsea, the seventh day after the small-pox appeared. She had been inoculated by a woman, and over the whole surface of the skin I could not reckon more than thirty pustules ; and very Unfortunately one of those came on the pupil of one of the eyes; the loss of the sight of which was the consequence. To these unfortunate cases, a long catalogue may be added, exclusively of those who have died of the small-pox. In the course of my diurnal visits to different parts of the island of Portsea, I frequently meet some of the children who are subjects of the preceding cases, which never fail to bring to my mind the unbounded goodness of the Deity, in furnishing an antidote to this pestilential disease, through the great and truly philanthropic Dr. Jenner. Contrasting the mildest state of variolation, or small-pox inoculation, with vacciolation, there is a great balance of good, in favour of the latter, which neither occasions death nor loss of sight; nor does it produce scrophula, or any other complaint likely to render lifeunpleasant : and if I here allow, for argument's sake, (for on 110 other principle can 1 allow it) that the cases lately brought forward as failures, are really so ; considering the little inconvenience which attended the subjects of them, and the few eruptions which were produced, still it would not make against the general practice of vacciolation : for I beg leave to ask, where is the fond parent who would not with extatic delight coqrt vacciolation, for his or her, perhaps, only child, to ^ensure so mild a kind of small-pox, and thereby escape all the honors and deformities of those children, whose cases I have just related ? I would add, that in my opinion, if all the cow-pock cases, in these towns, from 1800 to the present time, were failures, they could not make much against the new practice?it would, comparing these towns, to all others where it has been crowned with such astonishing success, appear but as a single drop of water compared with the ocean, or as an atom of matter to the globe itself." After this exhibition of some, of the dire effects of small pox, which fell under the author's immediate notice, he gives some ap- tion. This early inflammation served to confirm me in my opinion, that their habits were impervious to variolous matter in the way of inoculation ; and their resisting the casual small pox, certainly proves that they were rendered insusceptible of it, by the previous vacciolation.
Nature, by promptly assembling her forces, at the very point where the enemy had assailed her, shewed that she was determined he should not enter her dominions: she therefore wisely carried on the contest at a distance from the capital, and the enemy experienced a defeat at the very place where he had hoped to gain a victory. " The inflammation and punctures in all these experiments were of a darker colour, and had a harder feel, than in common small pox inoculation ; the hardness was always longer going off than either inflammation or eschar. I have no doubt that I could, with lymph from the punctures, have given the small pox to any one susceptible of that disease.
" Having now completed these experiments, I shall hereafter, hold it imprudent to variolate after vacciolation; and I shall decline in future putting my young patients to that test, except at the particular desire of parents; for it has been proved by experiments heretofore, as well as lately made, that morbific matter, and particularly the variolous, cannot always be introduced between the cuticle and cutis with impunity. If vacciolated persons will resist the casual small pox, which there can be no doubt of, it is quite sufficient. " I will relate a case which occurred in 1801, which greatly tends to recommend the general practice of vacciolation, and particularly under similar circumstances. " I was called to a poor woman in Havant-street, named Perkins, who had that same day-only arrived from Plymouth in one of his Majesty's frigates, on board of which her husband served in the quality of a quarter-gunner. The poor creature fell in labour in the course of four hours after she took possession of her lodgings, and of course no accoucheur had been provided ; nor indeed any preparation made for the event; in less than an hour the infant was born.
Having retired into another apartment, I <vas much hurt on re-entering the bed-chamber half an hour after, to find her in tears. Upon enquiring what the cause was, she said that she was no sooner out of one trouble than she had fallen into another, for a child was lying dead in the next room, and another extremely ill, both of the small pox. She then asked me to inoculate her infant from the surviving child ; it had the confluent small pox very full indeed, and being the month of July and very warm, I told her I thought she had better not think of it. 1 then mentioned cow-pock inoculation, and recommended it as likely to preserve the life of her infant; she consented, and it was immediately vacciolated (with matter taken from Mr. Purveys child the preceding month) before it was an hour old. It went through the progress with the greatest regularity; the eschar did not fall off till more than five weeks from vacciolation, and a beautiful characteristic mark was left on the arm. ?>